Factors Affecting Fertility According to the Postpartum Period in Crossbred Dual-Purpose Suckling Cows in the Tropics

To determine the relationship between first service conception rate (FSC) and the postpartum period (PP), 6160 calvings from 2250 crossbred dual-purpose cows were analysed. The effects of breed predominance (BT: Bos taurus and BI: Bos indicus), season of service (dry, intermediate and humid), parity (1 or 2 and more), agroecological region (Sub-humid and Dry Tropical Forest) and milk production were studied. The postpartum period was grouped according to the calving–first service interval as G1 ≤ 60 days (n = 1889); G2 > 60 ≤ 90 days (n = 1436); G3 > 90 ≤ 120 days (n = 1030); and G4 > 120 days (n = 1805). Data were analysed by chi-squared test. The overall mean for FSC was 58.2% and was lower in G1 (p < 0.01). All PP showed a breed effect on FSC, with mean values of 61.6% and 53.3% for BI and BT, respectively. Season of service also affected FSC, which was significantly lower during the humid period: 51.2% versus 57.4% and 61.5% for the intermediate and dry periods (p < 0.01), respectively. Parity and environmental effects were not observed on FSC. Levels of milk yield did influence the FSC, which decreased from 66.7% and 61.0% for milk yields of < 1500 kg and between 1501 and 2000 kg to 46.0% in milk yields > 2000 kg (p < 0.01).     

Trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome associated with trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Alpacas (7) and 1 llama. METHODS: Historical and clinical data were obtained from the medical records of New World camelids with a diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction confirmed by surgical exploration or necropsy. RESULTS: Seven camelids were <1 year old. Abnormal clinical findings included anorexia, reduced fecal output, recumbency, colic, abdominal distension, regurgitation, decreased serum chloride concentration, increased serum bicarbonate concentration, and/or elevated first gastric compartment chloride concentration. Survey abdominal radiographs obtained (4 animals) revealed gastric distension (4) and/or visualization of the obstruction (2). Diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy (1) or surgery (7). Right paracostal celiotomy was performed on all animals and duodenotomy (3) or retropulsion of the trichophytobezoar combined with third compartment gastrotomy (4) was used to remove the obstruction. Six animals survived to discharge and 5 were healthy at follow-up, 8-20 months later. The remaining discharged alpaca was healthy at 12 months but subsequently died of unrelated causes. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction should be considered in juvenile New World camelids with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Right paracostal celiotomy can be used for access to the descending duodenum and third gastric compartment for surgical relief of obstruction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Duodenal obstruction from bezoars should be considered in New World camelids <1year of age with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Surgical relief of the obstruction by right paracostal celiotomy has a good prognosis.     

草坪病害及其防治

本文介绍草坪草常见侵染性病害（ 真菌、细菌、病毒和线虫病的致病病原） 和非侵染性病害,论述了草坪病害流行条件,强调预防为主的综合防治策略。     

新疆淡水藻类研究：乌鲁木齐南山八一林场绿藻初报

本文首镒报道乌鲁木齐南山八一林场山区的绿藻１１属，１２种，其中１０属，１０种为新疆新记录。这些结果是对１９９１年７月采集的２０号标本经鉴定后获得的。     

农机跨区作业紧急调配算法适宜性选择

目前农机跨区紧急作业中供需信息不对称,农机部门缺乏科学合理的紧急调配方案,无法在紧急状况下指导农机进行及时有效的调配。针对上述问题,该文研究了农机跨区作业紧急调配模型和算法。首先分析了多机多任务紧急调配过程,建立了以最小化调配成本和损失为目标的紧急调配模型,提出了基于距离最近优先的多机多任务紧急调配算法(shortest-distance first algorithm,SDFA)和基于贡献度最大优先的多机多任务紧急调配算法(max-ability first algorithm,MAFA),前者是搜索当前距离最近的农田和农机,进行优先分配,后者是搜索当前贡献度最大的农田和农机并进行优先分配。采用该文算法对河北省邯郸市2017年的真实数据以及随机生成的农田和农机实例库进行计算与分析可知,当农机数量充足时,算法MAFA的平均调配成本要比SDFA的平均调配成本降低4.34%。当农机不足时,SDFA的平均损失和平均调配成本要比MAFA的平均损失和平均调配成本分别下降了12.79%和4.11%。进一步验证可知,当农田数量为6时,上述2种算法比笔者之前提出的基于非合作博弈紧急调配算法(non-cooperative game algorithm,NCGA)的平均运算性能均提升25%以上,当农田数量为30时,性能均提升41%。该研究可为农机管理部门紧急调配与决策分析提供科学依据。     

基于高光谱苹果品种叶片铁含量估测模型

【目的】 在叶片水平上构建基于高光谱的苹果品种叶片铁素含量估测模型,为探寻实时、高效、无损的果树树体营养诊断提供技术途径。【方法】以苹果品种岩富10号为材料,测定岩富10号叶片光谱数据和铁素含量,采用光谱分析和相关分析法,筛选与叶片铁素含量相关性较强的光谱组合,利用偏最小二乘法构建苹果叶片铁素含量光谱估测模型。【结果】岩富10号苹果叶片一阶微分光谱与铁素含量的敏感波段为R′₉₉₀、R′_{1 113}、R′_{1 360}、R′_{1 408},相关系数最高为-0.698 9。对敏感波段两两进行加、减、乘、除运算,最优波段组合形式R′₉₉₀×R′_{1 048}与铁素含量相关系数为0.846 2。估测模型拟合度(R²)最高为0.827 5。【结论】苹果叶片一阶微分光谱组合与铁素含量显著相关(P<0.05),光谱组合能够明显提高其相关性,偏最小二乘法与逐步回归建模相比估算模型的精度更佳,可以用于苹果叶片铁素含量的光谱估算。     

气候变暖对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961-2015年逐日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,对影响新疆核桃种植的关键气候因子（≥10℃积温、最低气温≤-25℃日数、最高气温≥40℃日数、终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数）的时空变化特征进行分析的基础上,结合核桃种植气候适宜性区划指标,研究了气候变化对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性及其分布的影响。结果表明：新疆≥10℃积温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多,北疆少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的格局,最低气温≤-25℃日数有“南疆少,北疆多;平原和盆地少,山区多”的特点,夏季最高气温≥40℃日数为“东部多,西部少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的特点;终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数呈现“西部多,东部少;山区多,平原和盆地少”的格局。在上述气候要素空间分异的综合作用下,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区主要在塔里木盆地西部平原;次适宜区在塔里木盆地大部和吐哈盆地南部;北疆大部,阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区以及吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地东部为核桃不适宜种植区。在气候变暖背景下,近55a新疆≥10℃积温、最高气温≥40℃日数和终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数分别以64.7℃·d·10a-1、0.48d·10a-1、0.120d·10a-1的倾向率呈显著（P＜0.05）增多趋势,冬季日最低气温≤-25℃日数以-0.980d·10a-1的倾向率呈极显著（P＜0.001）减少趋势。上述各要素分别于1986年和1997年发生了突变,受其影响,1997年后较其之前,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区和次适宜区明显扩大,而不适宜区明显减小,气候变暖对新疆核桃种植总体趋于有利。     

IPM in developing countries: the danger of an ideal

This paper examines the evolution of integrated pest management (IPM) into the dominant paradigm in crop protection. The driving forces behind the development and adoption of IPM are explored and the conditions under which successful IPM has been practised are outlined. Repeated calls for the adoption of IPM in international agricultural research, extension and resource-poor farming are questioned in respect of claims made by IPM proponents. When examined, it becomes apparent that IPM per se is not a panacea for solving the problems faced by resource-poor farmers. Further investigation into the social, political, economic and ecological parameters associated with the development and implementation of IPM shows that is can work under certain conditions. However, the situation of most resource-poor farmers does not match the necessary criteria for the implemetation of IPM programmes. Viewed thus, it could be argued that IPM is more a vehicle for the continued transfer of technologies developed in response to the pressures exerted by argibusiness rather than a truly farmer first approach to solving the contraints facing the lives of resource-poor farmers in developing countries     

甜瓜重组自交系群体第1雌花开花期遗传分析

以美国早花厚皮甜瓜品系WI998为母本（P1）,中国晚花薄皮甜瓜品系3-2-2为父本（P2）杂交所得的包括185个家系的重组自交系（RIL）群体为试验材料,通过RIL群体主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法,研究不同季节第1雌花开花期（DFF）的遗传特点。结果表明：春秋两季第1雌花开花期遗传均受2对重叠性主基因+加性多基因模型（E_1_8）控制,春季主基因遗传率为77.05%,多基因遗传率为22.44%;秋季主基因遗传率为72.38%,多基因遗传率为27.52%。表明甜瓜DFF主基因遗传力大于多基因遗传力,DFF主要受主基因控制,并在不同季节遗传稳定。     

4种步甲属昆虫一龄幼虫形态学特征

采用Bousquet等创立的幼虫原生刚毛标记分类法对步甲属Carabus L.切鞘步甲亚属Apotomopterus Hope中的普通步甲南岭亚种Carabus(A.)sauteri nanlingensis Deuve et Tian、舜步甲南岭亚种C.(A.)shun floridus Cavazzutiet Ratti、石坑崆步甲C.(A.)shikengkong Deuve et Tian和阿氏步甲粤北亚种C.(A.)arrowi yubeicus Deuve et Tian的一龄幼虫形态特征进行了描述,并编制了这4种步甲一龄幼虫的分类检索表.